100 Benefits of Meditation

Physiological benefits:
1- It lowers oxygen consumption
2- It decreases respiratory rate
3- It increases blood flow and slows the heart rate
4- Increases exercise tolerance
5- Leads to a deeper level of physical relaxation
6- Good for people with high blood pressure
7- Reduces anxiety attacks by lowering the levels of blood lactate
8- Decreases muscle tension
9- Helps in chronic diseases like allergies, arthritis etc.
10- Reduces Pre-menstrual Syndrome symptoms
11- Helps in post-operative healing
12- Enhances the immune system
13- Reduces activity of viruses and emotional distress
14- Enhances energy, strength and vigour
15- Helps with weight loss
16- Reduction of free radicals, less tissue damage
17- Higher skin resistance
18- Drop in cholesterol levels, lowers risk of cardiovascular disease
19- Improved flow of air to the lungs resulting in easier breathing
20- Decreases the aging process
21- Higher levels of DHEAS (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
22- prevented, slowed or controlled pain of chronic diseases
23- Makes you sweat less
24- Cure headaches & migraines
25- Greater Orderliness of Brain Functioning
26- Reduced Need for Medical Care
27- Less energy wasted
28- More inclined to sports, activities
29- Significant relief from asthma
30- improved performance in athletic events
31- Normalizes to your ideal weight
32- harmonizes our endocrine system
33- relaxes our nervous system
34- produce lasting beneficial changes in brain electrical activity
35- Cure infertility (the stresses of infertility can interfere with the release of hormones that regulate ovulation)

Psychological benefits:
36- Builds self-confidence
37- Increases serotonin level, influences mood and behaviour
38- Resolve phobias & fears
39- Helps control own thoughts
40- Helps with focus & concentration
41- Increase creativity
42- Increased brain wave coherence
43- Improved learning ability and memory
44- Increased feelings of vitality and rejuvenation
45- Increased emotional stability
46- improved relationships
47- Mind ages at slower rate
48- Easier to remove bad habits
49- Develops intuition
50- Increased Productivity
51- Improved relations at home & at work
52- Able to see the larger picture in a given situation
53- Helps ignore petty issues
54- Increased ability to solve complex problems
55- Purifies your character
56- Develop will power
57- greater communication between the two brain hemispheres
58- react more quickly and more effectively to a stressful event
59- increases one’s perceptual ability and motor performance
60- higher intelligence growth rate
61- Increased job satisfaction
62- increase in the capacity for intimate contact with loved ones
63- decrease in potential mental illness
64- Better, more sociable behaviour
65- Less aggressiveness
66- Helps in quitting smoking, alcohol addiction
67- Reduces need and dependency on drugs, pills & pharmaceuticals
68- Need less sleep to recover from sleep deprivation
69- Require less time to fall asleep, helps cure insomnia
70- Increases sense of responsibility
71- Reduces road rage
72- Decrease in restless thinking
73- Decreased tendency to worry
74- Increases listening skills and empathy
75- Helps make more accurate judgements
76- Greater tolerance
77- Gives composure to act in considered & constructive ways
78- Grows a stable, more balanced personality
79- Develops emotional maturity

Spiritual benefits:
80- Helps keep things in perspective
81- Provides peace of mind, happiness
82- Helps you discover your purpose
83- Increased self-actualization
84- Increased compassion
85- Growing wisdom
86- Deeper understanding of yourself and others
87- Brings body, mind, spirit in harmony
88- Deeper Level of spiritual relaxation
89- Increased acceptance of oneself
90- helps learn forgiveness
91- Changes attitude toward life
92- Creates a deeper relationship with your God
93- Attain enlightenment
94- greater inner-directedness
95- Helps living in the present moment
96- Creates a widening, deepening capacity for love
97- Discovery of the power and consciousness beyond the ego
98- Experience an inner sense of “Assurance or Knowingness”
99- Experience a sense of “Oneness”
100- Increases the synchronicity in your life

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ഓട്ടോ ഗ്ലോസറി

A, B, C, D-PILLARSVehicles have two A-pillars, one on either side of the front windshield. The A-pillar usually supports the roof of a vehicle and is located in front of the driver. On convertible models it also represents the main roll-over protection, and is among the strongest body parts.

B-pillars are the posts between the first door and the second door. C-pillars are the posts after the second door of the car. D-pillars are the vertical or diagonal posts located at the extreme rear of the car. Generally found in station wagons and even a few sedans. The pillars in a car are an integral part of the car body that provide support and strength.

ABS (ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM)

Originally developed for aircraft braking systems in the first half of the twentieth century, the Antilock Braking System (ABS) is essentially used to improve stability during braking and in some cases it can even shorten braking distances altogether. Appearing in various mechanical forms before, the first modern electronic four-wheel ABS system was co-developed by Mercedes-Benz and Bosch.

In cars without ABS, during hard braking the wheels lock, thus making impossible for the car to be steered and the vehicle most likely skids into the obstacle the driver is trying to avoid. The ABS prevents wheel lock-up during braking maneuvers by using sensors which can determine if any wheel is slowing down more than the others and computer-controlled valves which can limit the pressure delivered to each brake cylinder on demand. The whole system is controlled via a master ECU (Electronic Control Unit).

Since the ABS constantly pumps the brakes during a braking maneuver the driver can concentrate on steering the car while applying constant pressure on the brake pedal, without fear of losing control of the car's direction. Also, while braking on uneven surfaces (left tires on gravel and right ones on tarmac, for example) the ABS can keep the car's stability under control.

ACC (ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL)

With the help of a laser or a radar sensor, the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system recognizes preceding vehicles, calculates their speed and keeps the distance required by automatically acting on the brakes and/or engine power.

ACC can scan the area in front of the vehicle in order to determine the distance to the vehicle ahead. The information gathered by the sensors and/or radar is used to warn the driver if he/she is tailgating or to maintain an automatic safety distance to the vehicle by cutting engine power or activating brakes if necessary.

Some ACC systems can actually get the vehicle to a complete halt without any driver intervention in case they're detecting an impending impact with the object in front of the car.

ACC (AUTOMATIC CLIMATE CONTROL)
The Automatic Climate Control is an air-conditioning unit which can automatically set the temperature desired by the driver without being influenced by the outside temperature or other factors. The most advanced climate control systems nowadays use different sensors and can take into account outside temperature, the sun rays' intensity and even the angle on which they're setting on the car in order to automatically regulate the temperature requested by the driver.

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
A transmission is a part of the drive train. The transmission is used to transfer the engine power to the drive wheels. It also allows the driver to choose more power (1-st gear) or more speed (4-th or 5-th gear) by changing the gear ratio.

In an automatic transmission, gears are changed automatically, according to the engine RPM, vehicle speed, load and other factors. A typical automatic transmission has four or five forward gears or speeds. The highest gear is sometimes called an Overdrive or O/D. Some automatic transmissions also have a manual shift mode allowing the driver to select gears manually.

To change the gear ratio, most automatic transmissions use planetary gears. A typical planetary gear consists of three main parts: outer Ring Gear, inner gear, called Sun Gear, and Planetary Carrier with three or four small gears that are placed between the Inner Sun Gear and the Outer Ring Gear.


ACT (ACTIVE SUSPENSION TECHNOLOGY)
The Active Suspension Technology is a definition for any suspension system which can modify its settings in real time to control body motion in response to any road abnormality or during cornering, braking or acceleration. These type of systems usually respond to inputs from either the road or the driver using different sensors. At least in theory, a vehicle equipped with an active suspension can provide both a comfortable and firm ride, thus keeping a perfect balance between smoothness and good road handling.

AIR BAG
Airbags are built into the steering wheel for drivers and in the front dash for passengers. The airbags inflate when the car is struck from the front. Airbags are only useful when used in conjunction with a seat belt since they require that the occupant be in a specific position to be effective. Newer generation airbags are sometimes designated 'depowered' and are less obtrusive in their actuation.

AIR DAM
An air dam is a huge air inlet in the car's front bumper. It allows air to enter the radiator to cool the fuming engine. Air dams help cool the car engine and also control the aerodynamic qualities of the car.

AIR SUSPENSION
A type of vehicle suspension system that uses air springs instead of conventional steel springs. This system helps to maintain tyre position at an optimum angle that upholds traction control, steering control, braking, and even the acceleration. Powered by an engine driven or electric air pump or compressor Air suspension helps in providing a smooth ride quality and in some cases self-leveling. Air Suspension increases the friction between tyres and the road and offers greater control and stability to the driver.

ANTI-ROLL BARS
An anti-roll bar helps the car to maintain balance and prevents the car from rolling during tight cornering. It does not affect the suspension stiffness when both wheels are deflected equally in the same direction. It is also called a stabilizer bar, an anti-sway bar, a roll bar, or an anti-roll bar (ARB). Its purpose is to try to keep the car's body from 'rolling' during a sharp turn. It connects opposite (left/right) wheels together with short lever arms that are linked by a torsion spring. Anti-roll bars keep the car from rolling over when taking sharp turns.


BASIC WARRANTY
Also called the comprehensive warranty since it offers the widest coverage, this is the shortest duration guarantee. Generally covers everything but wear (tires, brake pads) items and maintenance (oil, spark plugs, filters) under normal use and maintenance. Usual range is 3 years/60/000
kilometers to 5 years/100,000 kilometers.

BHP
Brake horsepower or BHP is a commonly used unit for measuring power of a car engine. This unit of measurement traces back to the days of the industrial revolution, when a steam engine was rated by how many horses it replaced. It is slightly different from the unit Horsepower (HP). The higher the BHP figure, the more powerful is the engine. It indicates the power of a car engine.


CHILD RESTRAINT SEAT
Child seats can be integrated into the rear seats of vehicles. When not in use, the child seat folds into the regular perch for adult use.

CURB WEIGHT
The overall weight of the vehicle.

CHILD SAFETY LOCKS
Rear door locks that can disabled so that rear seat passengers (notably children) cannot open the door.

COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION (CRDI)
This is one of the most advanced diesel technologies in the world. A perfect blend of performance and fuel economy, CRDi engines are based on direct injection technology and have rails (tubes) which inject pressurised fuel directly into the engine. The common rail connects all the injectors and contains fuel at a constant high pressure. A small amount of fuel is supplied to the engine before and after the actual charge.

The high pressure in the common rail ensures that, when injected, the fuel atomises to a very high degree and mixes consistently with the air, thereby leaving minimal unused fuel. Fuel quantity, engine pressure and timing of fuel injection are controlled electronically. The injectors have variable control heads which ensure that a highly precise amount of diesel goes into each cylinder. The onboard computer makes sure that the fuel is injected at the just the precise moment. This significantly improves engine efficiency and reduces noise and vibrations as well.

COLLAPSIBLE STEERING
In the event of a head-on accident, the driver bumps against the steering wheel. A collapsible steering has a telescopic shock absorber to reduce the impact on the driver's head or chest. A collapsible steering provides better safety to the driver than normal steering columns during accidents or hard braking.

CRUISE CONTROL
Cruise control (sometimes known as speed control or auto-cruise) is an application that automatically controls the speed of an automobile. The driver sets the speed and the system takes charge of the throttle of the car to maintain a constant speed. It is a control mechanism for keeping an automobile at a set speed. Cruise control allows you to relax and enjoy the drive without having to worry about maintaining speed or minding.

DAMPERS

Dampers are also known as shock absorbers. They maintained the speed of a car when suspension's springs responds to holes and bumps in the road surface.They stabilize the speed of the car whenever it reacts to unwanted motions due to bounce, bend, brake dive, and acceleration squat.

ENGINE
The internal combustion engine comes in many different forms, from 4 cylinders to 12. More cylinders usually means a smoother, more powerful engine, but worse fuel economy. An engine's size is measured in liters and bigger engines usually have more power, but worse fuel economy.

All new cars have fuel injected engines. DOHC means double overhead camshaft and this generally describes the most sophisticated engines available. SOHC means single overhead camshaft and they are considered just a slight step below the DOHC variety. OHV means overhead valve and these are older designs, usually mostly by domestic brands. Though older some have been thoroughly refined for excellent performance.

SUSPENSION
Almost all cars have independent front suspension (with the exception of a few older sport utility vehicles). Most systems use MacPherson struts (shock and spring one unit) while a few use the more expensive and complex double-wishbone system. Although the latter is supposed to be better, BMW uses MacPherson struts with excellent results, so either system works well.


HEAD ROOM, LEG ROOM, SHOULDER ROOM
All interior dimensions are given from fixed standard points inside the cabin to dummies representing the 'average' human. The individual dimensions aren't important, but should be used instead as a comparison between competitive vehicles. For tall drivers and passengers, head- and legroom are the most important criteria. If you plan on carrying lots of passengers, rear shoulder room may be more critical.


GROUND CLEARANCE
The distance between the bottom of the car and road surface. This is a key measurement for trucks and sport utility vehicles being used off-road (more is better in that case).

HYBRID CAR
In general, the term 'Hybrid Car' means that a car is powered by two or more different types of energy. Currently, the most common type of a hybrid vehicle is the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). A Hybrid Electric Vehicle combines a conventional internal combustion (gasoline or diesel) engine with an electric motor, which is powered by an additional specially designed battery pack.

The common challenge the car manufacturers face is how to improve the fuel economy and lower harmful emissions without sacrificing power and comfort. During a regular daily driving we rarely use full engine power. To make enough power available when we need to pass or merge, the car manufacturers have to pack their vehicles with bigger engines. A bigger engine means poor fuel economy and hig
her emissions.

MCPHERSON STRUTS
The McPherson strut is a type of car suspension system widely used in modern vehicles. It is a special kind of shock absorber that is used on the front suspension, which replaces the upper control arm and ball joint. Some struts have coil springs around them while others do not. It can be used for both front and rear suspensions, but it is mostly found in the front where it provides a steering pivot as well as a suspension mount for the wheel.

NAVIGATION SYSTEM
This is an audio-visual electronic system with a screen that is placed at a driver-preferred location within the vehicle. This system is city-based and programmed accordingly. It provides directions to a destination using arrows, a map, or both. The driver needs to insert destination details and this system uses its database to plan out a known route and relays the information accordingly to the driver.


PARK-ASSIST SYSTEM
The park-assist system warns the driver of any object that comes close to the rear bumpers of the car. Each car manufacturer has different distance settings. When an object gets closer than the specified distance the device alerts the driver. Makes parking the car easy and helps the driver avoid obstacles in the way.


KEYLESS ENTRY
An electronic key fob that locks and unlocks the car's doors remotely. Often works in conjunction with a the alarm and/or immobiliser. It is considered a safety feature because it allows drivers to unlock the door before they reach their vehicle, avoiding the vulnerable position of fumbling with keys in suspect locations.

SPOILER
An aerodynamic (shape of objects that affects the flow of air, liquid, or gas) device that changes the direction of the airflow in order to reduce lift or aerodynamic drag, and/or improve engine cooling. Spoiler is an air deflector mounted usually at the rear of an automobile to reduce lift at high speeds.


TRANSMISSION
Transmissions are divided into the manual and automatic variety. Manuals come in five-and six-speed variations. Six-speeds are only necessary on pure sports cars. Automatics can be three-speeds (common on econo-cars), 4-speeds (the most plentiful variety) and 5-speeds (used mostly on luxury cars and a few sport utility vehicles.


TACHOMETER
A tachometer measures how fast the car's engine is spinning. The red zone is the engine's operating limit. If the car is a small four-cylinder, best performance will be achieved with higher rpm (revolutions per minute), while a larger motor (i.e. a V-8) will seldom need to go faster than 4,000 rpm.


TORQUE
Torque is measured in lb.-ft. and is an excellent measurement of how fast a vehicle can accelerate or how heavy a trailer it can pull. Like horsepower, the rpm (revolutions per minute) at which max torque is developed is important. Engines (such as large displacement V-8s and diesels) that reach max torque at speeds below 3,000 rpm are generally best for towing and hauling.


TRACTION CONTROL
Traction control systems use the anti-lock brake (ABS) computer equipment to prevent wheelspin caused by over-enthusiastic application of the throttle. Traction control then notes when the wheel is spinning (i.e. on wet or icy roads) and then cuts the power from the engine or applies the appropriate brake to regain traction. The system is most useful on large, powerful rear wheel drive cars that tend to skid excessively on snowy roads.


WHEELBASE
The length between the front and rear axles. Generally, larger vehicles have a longer wheelbase. However, there are exceptions because of the new 'cab-forward' designs which push the wheels closer to the bumpers. A longer wheelbase is beneficial to ride, interior and cargo space as well as handling. However, a longer wheelbase may give the vehicle a larger turning diameter which makes parking lot maneuvering more difficult.

WATER POUMP, COOLING SYSTEM
A water pump is an important part of the engine cooling system. It provides circulation of the engine coolant (antifreeze) through the cooling system . A water pump pushes the coolant through the passages (water jackets) in the engine cylinder block and cylinder head and then out into the radiator. This helps to keep the engine from overheating; the hot coolant passes through the radiator where it cools down and then returns back to the engine.

A water pump is usually driven by the engine through the drive belt. Sometimes it's driven by a timing belt. A water pump consists of the housing with the shaft rotating on the bearing pressed inside. At the outer side there is a pulley mounted on the shaft. At the inner side there is a seal to keep the coolant from leaking out and the impeller that acts like a centrifugal pump (see the lower picture).

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ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുക്കാം

ഇന്ത്യയിലെ പൊതു നിരത്തുകളില്‍ വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാന്‍ 1988 ലെ മോട്ടോര്‍വാഹന നിയമം അനുസരിച്ച് ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സ് ആവശ്യമാണ്. കേരളത്തിലെ മോട്ടോര്‍ വാഹന വകുപ്പിന്റെ 17 റീജണല്‍ ഓഫീസുകള്‍ വഴിയും 42 സബ് റീജണല്‍ ഓഫീസുകള്‍ വഴിയും ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുക്കാം.

യോഗ്യത

16 നും 18 വയസിനും ഇടെ പ്രായമുള്ളവര്‍ക്ക് രക്ഷകര്‍ത്താവിന്റെ സമ്മത പത്രമുണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ 50 സി.സിയ്ക്കു താഴെയുളള വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാനുള്ള ലൈസന്‍സിന് അപേക്ഷിക്കാം. 18 വയസിനുമേല്‍ പ്രായമുളളവര്‍ക്ക് സ്വകാര്യ വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാനുള്ള ലൈസന്‍സിന് അപേക്ഷിക്കാം. 20 വയസിനുമേല്‍ പ്രായവും സ്വകാര്യ വാഹനം ഓടിച്ച ഒരു വര്‍ഷത്തെ പരിചയവും ഉണ്ടെങ്കില്‍ ട്രാന്‍സ്‌പോര്‍ട്ട് വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാനുള്ള ലൈസന്‍സിന് അപേക്ഷിക്കാം. ട്രാന്‍സ്‌പോര്‍ട്ട് വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാന്‍ എട്ടാം ക്ലാസ് വിജയിച്ചിരിക്കണം എന്ന വ്യവസ്ഥ കൂടിയുണ്ട്.

ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ്

ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുക്കുന്നതിനു മുന്‍പ് ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുക്കേണ്ടതുണ്ട്. അപേക്ഷ നല്‍കിയശേഷം ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സിനുള്ള പരീക്ഷ ഓണ്‍ലൈനായി എഴുതാം. ട്രാഫിക് നിയമങ്ങള്‍, സിഗ്നലുകള്‍, വാഹനം ഓടിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ പാലിക്കേണ്ട നിയമങ്ങള്‍ തുടങ്ങിയവയെ ആസ്പദമായ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ പരീക്ഷയില്‍ ഉണ്ടാകും.

പരീക്ഷ പാസായാല്‍ ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ് ലഭിക്കും. ആറുമാസമാണ് ഇതിന്റെ കാലാവധി. പരീക്ഷയില്‍ പരാജയപ്പെട്ടാല്‍ 30 രൂപ ഫീസ് അടച്ച് വീണ്ടും പരീക്ഷ എഴുതാം. ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുക്കാനുള്ള റോഡ് ടെസ്റ്റിന്റെ തീയതി ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സില്‍ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കും. ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ് പുതുക്കാനാവില്ല.
ഡ്രൈവിങ് ടെസ്റ്റ്

ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ് എടുത്ത് 30 ദിവസങ്ങള്‍ക്കുശേഷം ലൈസന്‍സ് ടെസ്റ്റില്‍ പങ്കെടുക്കാം. ഇതിന് പ്രത്യേക അപേക്ഷ നല്‍കേണ്ടതുണ്ട്. രണ്ടു ഘട്ടങ്ങളായാണ് ലൈസന്‍സ് ടെസ്റ്റ് നടത്തുന്നത്. ഗ്രൗണ്ട് ടെസ്റ്റാണ് ഒന്നാം ഭാഗം. രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം റോഡ് ടെസ്റ്റ്. ഒന്നാം ഭാഗമായ റോഡ് ടെസ്റ്റില്‍ വാഹനം നിയന്ത്രിക്കാനുളള കഴിവാണ് പരിശോധിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്. ഈ ഘട്ടത്തില്‍ 8 ആകൃതിയിലുള്ള ട്രാക്കിലൂടെ ഇരുചക്ര വാഹനങ്ങളും മുച്ചക്ര വാഹനങ്ങളും ഓടിക്കേണ്ടിവരും. നാല്‍ചക്ര വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ H ആകൃതിയിലുള്ള ട്രാക്കിലൂടെയാണ് ഓടിച്ചു കാട്ടേണ്ടത്.

ടെസ്റ്റിന്റെ രണ്ടാം ഭാഗത്തില്‍ റോഡിലൂടെ വാഹനം ഓടിക്കാനുള്ള കഴിവാണ് പരിശോധിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്. ടെസ്റ്റിന്റെ രണ്ടു ഭാഗങ്ങളും വിജയിച്ചാല്‍ നിങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ഒരു കൂപ്പണ്‍ ലഭിക്കും. ഒരാഴ്ചയ്ക്കകം ലൈസന്‍സ് കാര്‍ഡ് തപാലില്‍ അയച്ചുതരും.
ആവശ്യമായ ഫോമുകളും രേഖകളും

ഫോം 1- 50 വയസില്‍ താഴെയുളളവര്‍ക്ക് ശാരീരിക യോഗ്യതകള്‍ സംബന്ധിച്ച വിവരങ്ങള്‍ നല്‍കാനാണിത്.

ഫോം 1 എ- 50 വയസിനുമേല്‍ പ്രായമുളളവര്‍ ശാരീരിക യോഗ്യതകള്‍ സംബന്ധിച്ച ഡോക്ടറുടെ സാക്ഷ്യപത്രം ഈ ഫോമിനൊപ്പം നല്‍കണം.

ഫോം 2- ലേണേഴ് സ് ലൈസന്‍സിനുളള അപേക്ഷ (സ്വയം പൂരിപ്പിക്കണം)
ഫോം 3- ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ് ഫോം (ഏതാനും കോളങ്ങള്‍ സ്വയം പൂരിപ്പിക്കണം)
ഫോം 4- ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സിനുളള അപേക്ഷ (സ്വയം പൂരിപ്പിക്കണം)


കാഴ്ചശക്തി സംബന്ധിച്ച നേത്രരോഗ വിദഗ്ദ്ധന്റെ സാക്ഷ്യപത്രം ചിലര്‍ക്ക് സമര്‍പ്പിക്കേണ്ടിവരും. ഇതുകൂടാതെ മേല്‍വിലാസം, വയസ്, പൗരത്വം എന്നിവ തെളിയിക്കുന്ന സാക്ഷ്യപത്രങ്ങളും ഹാജരാക്കേണ്ടിവരും. ഇതിനായി തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് തിരിച്ചറിയല്‍ കാര്‍ഡ്, റേഷന്‍ കാര്‍ഡ്, പാസ്‌പോര്‍ട്ട്, എസ്.എസ്.എല്‍.സി ബുക്ക് ഇവയുടെ സാക്ഷ്യപ്പെടുത്തിയ പതിപ്പുകള്‍ നല്‍കിയാല്‍ മതി.

വിവിധ അപേക്ഷകള്‍ക്കൊപ്പം നല്‍കേണ്ട ഫീസ് ഇങ്ങനെയാണ്. ലേണേഴ്‌സ് ലൈസന്‍സ്- 30 രൂപ, ഡ്രൈവിങ് ടെസ്‌ററ്- 50 രൂപ, ഡ്രൈവിങ് ലൈസന്‍സ്- 200 രൂപ, സര്‍വീസ് ചാര്‍ജ്ജ്- 50 രൂപ. അപേക്ഷാഫോമും നിശ്ചിത ഫീസും തൊട്ടടുത്ത മോട്ടോര്‍വാഹന വകുപ്പ് ഓഫീസില്‍ സമര്‍പ്പിക്കാം.

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പ്രധാന ട്രാഫിക് നിയമങ്ങള്‍

കേരളത്തില്‍ വിവിധ വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് അനുവദനീയമായ വേഗപരിധി 

മോട്ടോര്‍ സൈക്കിള്‍ : സ്‌കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് സമീപം- 25 കി.മി, ഇടുങ്ങിയ റോഡുകളില്‍- 40 കി.മി, നഗര പരിധിയില്‍- 40 കി.മി, മറ്റുറോഡുകളില്‍- 50 കി.മി.

കാര്‍ : സ്‌കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് സമീപം- 25 കി.മി, ഇടുങ്ങിയ റോഡുകളില്‍- 40 കി.മി, നഗര പരിധിയില്‍- 40 കി.മി, മറ്റുറോഡുകളില്‍- 70 കി.മി.

ഓട്ടോറിക്ഷ : സ്‌കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് സമീപം- 25 കി.മി, ഇടുങ്ങിയ റോഡുകളില്‍- 30 കി.മി, നഗര പരിധിയില്‍- 30 കി.മി, മറ്റുറോഡുകളില്‍- 40 കി.മി.

ചെറുവാഹനങ്ങള്‍: സ്‌കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് സമീപം- 25 കി.മി, ഇടുങ്ങിയ റോഡുകളില്‍- 40 കി.മി, നഗര പരിധിയില്‍- 40 കി.മി, മറ്റുറോഡുകളില്‍- 60 കി.മി.

വലിയ വാഹനങ്ങള്‍ : സ്‌കൂളുകള്‍ക്ക് സമീപം- 15 കി.മി, ഇടുങ്ങിയ റോഡുകളില്‍- 35 കി.മി, നഗര പരിധിയില്‍- 35 കി.മി, മറ്റുറോഡുകളില്‍- 60 കി.മി.

ട്രാഫിക് ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍

ട്രാഫിക് ചിഹ്നങ്ങളെ പ്രധാനമായും മൂന്നായി തരംതിരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. മാന്‍ഡേറ്ററി, ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേറ്ററി, കോഷനറി എന്നിവയാണ് മൂന്ന് വിഭാഗങ്ങള്‍. മോട്ടോര്‍ വാഹന നിയമപ്രകാരം ഡ്രൈവര്‍ നിര്‍ബന്ധമായി പാലിക്കേണ്ട കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഉള്‍ക്കൊള്ളുന്നവയാണ് മാന്‍ഡേറ്ററി ട്രാഫിക് ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍. വൃത്താകൃതിയിലാകും മാന്‍ഡേറ്ററി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍. മാന്‍ഡേറ്ററി ട്രാഫിക് ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍ അവഗണിക്കുന്നത് കുററകരമാണ്. റോഡിലെ അപകട സാധ്യതകളെപ്പറ്റി മുന്നറിയിപ്പ് നല്‍കുന്നവയാണ് കോഷനറി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍. ത്രികോണ ആകൃതിയിലാകും ഈ ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍.

യാത്രക്കാരുടെയും ഡ്രൈവറുടെയും സുരക്ഷിതത്വത്തിനായി കോഷനറി ട്രാഫിക് ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍ പാലിക്കേണ്ടതാണ്. യാത്രയില്‍ അവശ്യമായ വിവരങ്ങള്‍ നല്‍കുന്നവയാണ് ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേറ്ററി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍. നിശ്ചിത സ്ഥലത്തെത്താനുള്ള ദൂരം, ദിശ, റോഡരികിലുള്ള ആസ് പത്രി, പൊട്രോള്‍ പമ്പ് തുടങ്ങിയ സൗകര്യങ്ങള്‍ എന്നിവയെക്കുറിച്ച് ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേറ്ററി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍ വിവരം നല്‍കുന്നു. ചതുര ആകൃതിയിലാകും ഇത്തരം ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍.

മാന്‍ഡേറ്ററി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍

ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേറ്ററി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍

കോഷനറി ചിഹ്നങ്ങള്‍

IMPORTANT ROAD REGULATIONS
1. Keep Left
The driver of a motor vehicle shall drive the vehicle as close to the left hand side of the road as may be expedient and shall allow all traffic which is proceeding in the opposite direction to pass on his right hand side.

2. Turning to left and right

The driver of a motor vehicle shall:

a) when turning to the left, drive as close as may be to the left hand side of the road from which he is making the turn and of the road which he is entering,

b) when turning to the right draw as near as may be to the centre of the road along which he is traveling and arrive as near as may be at the left hand side of the road which the driver is entering.

3. Passing to right 
Except as provided in Regulation 5, the driver of a motor vehicle shall pass to the right of all traffic proceeding in the same direction as himself.

4. Passing to the left
The driver of a motor vehicle may pass to the left of a vehicle the driver of which having indicated an intention to turn to the right has drawn to the centre of the road and may pass on either side, a tram car or other vehicle running on fixed rails whether traveling in the same direction as himself or otherwise provided that in no case shall he pass a tram car at a time or in a manner likely to cause danger or inconvenience to other users of the road including persons leaving or about to enter tram cars.

5. Overtaking prohibited in certain cases

The driver of a motor vehicle shall not pass a vehicle traveling in the same direction as himself: a) if his passing is likely to cause inconvenience or danger to other traffic proceeding in any direction. b) If he is near a point, a bend or corner or a hill or other obstruction of any kind that renders the road ahead not clearly visible. c) If he knows that the driver who is following him has begun to overtake him. d) If the driver ahead of him has not signaled that he may be overtaken.

6. Overtaking not to be obstructed

The driver of a motor vehicle shall not, when being overtaken or being passed by another vehicle, increase speed or do anything in any way to prevent the other vehicle from passing him.

7. Overtaking not to be obstructed
The driver of a motor vehicle shall not, when being overtaken or being passed by another vehicle, increase speed or do anything in any way to prevent the other vehicle from passing him.

8. Caution at road junction
The driver of a motor vehicle shall slow down when approaching a road intersection, a road junction, pedestrian crossing or a road corner, and shall not enter any such intersection, junction or crossing until he has become aware that he may do so without endangering the safety of persons thereon.

9. Giving way to traffic at road junction

The driver of a motor vehicle shall, on entering a road intersection, at which traffic is not being regulated, if the road entered is a main road designated as such, give way to the vehicles proceeding along that road, and in any other case give way to all traffic approaching the intersection on his right hand.

10. Fire service vehicles and ambulance to be given free passage
Every driver shall, on the approach of a fire service vehicle or of an ambulance allow it free passage by drawing to the side of the road.

11. Right of way
The pedestrians have the right of way at uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. When any road is provided with footpath or cycle tracks specially for other traffic, except with permission of a police officer in uniform, a driver shall not drive on such footpath or track.

12. Taking 'U' turn
No driver shall take a 'U' turn where 'U' turn is specially prohibited and on busy traffic road. If a 'U' turn is allowed the driver shall show signal by hand as for a right turn, watch in the rear view mirror and turn when safe to do so.

13. Signals to be given by drivers

The following signals shall be used by the drivers of all motors vehicles namely --
a) When about to slow down, a driver shall extend his right arm with the palm downward and to the right of the vehicle and shall move the arm so extended up and down several times in such a manner that the signal can be seen by the driver of any vehicle which may be behind him.
b) When about to stop, a driver shall raise his right forearm vertically outside of and to the right of the vehicle, palm to the right.
c) When about to turn to the right or to drive to the right hand side of the road in order to pass another vehicle or for any other purpose, a driver shall extend his right arm in a horizontal position outside of and to the right of his vehicle with the palm of the hand turned to the front. d) When about to turn to the left or to drive to the left-hand side of the road, a driver shall extend high right arm and rotate it in an anti-clockwise direction.
e) When a driver wishes to indicate to the driver of a vehicle behind him that he desires that driver to overtake him he shall extend his right arm and hand horizontally outside of and to the right of the vehicle and shall swing the arm backward and forward in a semi-circular motion.

14. Direction indicator
The signals referred to in Regulation 12, may be simplified also by mechanical or electrical devices.

15. Parking of the vehicle

(1) Every driver of a motor vehicle parking on any road shall park in such a way that it does not cause or is not likely to cause danger, obstruction or undue inconvenience to other road users and if the manner of parking is indicated by any sign board or markings on the road side, he shall park his vehicle in such manner.
(2) A driver of a motor vehicle shall not park his vehicle -- (i) at or near a road crossing, a bend, top of a hill or a humpbacked bridge; (ii) on a foot-path;
(iii) near a traffic light or pedestrian cross.;
(iv) in a main road or one carrying fast traffic;
(v) opposite another parked vehicle or as obstruction to other vehicle; (vi) along side another parked vehicle;
(vii) on roads or at places or roads where there is a continuous white line with or without a broken line; (viii) near a bus stop, school or hospital entrance or blocking a traffic sign or entrance to a premises or a fire hydrant; (ix) on the wrong side of the road;
(x) where parking is prohibited;
(xi) away from the edge of the footpath.

16. Visibility of lamps and registration marks

(1) No load or other goods shall be placed on any motor vehicle so as to mask or otherwise interrupt vision of any lamp, registration mark or other mark required to be carried by or exhibited on any motor vehicle by or under the Act, unless a duplicate of the lamp or mark so marked or otherwise obscured is exhibited in the manner required by or under the Act for the exhibition of the marked or obscured lamp or mark.
(2) All registration and other marks required to be exhibited on a motor vehicle by or under the Act shall at all times be maintained in a clear and legible condition.

17. One way traffic

A driver shall not...
(i) drive a motor vehicle on roads declared 'One Way' except in the direction specified by sign boards; (ii) drive a vehicle in a reverse direction into a road designed 'One Way'.

18. Driving on channelised roads (lane traffic)

(1) Where any road is marked by lanes for movement of traffic, the driver of a motor vehicle shall drive within the lane and change the lane only after giving proper signal.
(2) Where any road is marked by a yellow-line dividing road, the vehicle proceeding in the same direction trying to overtake each other shall not cross the yellow line.

19. Stop sign on road surface

(1) When any line is painted on or inlaid into the surface of any road at the approach to the road junction or to a pedestrian crossing or otherwise, no driver shall drive a motor vehicle so that any part thereof projects beyond that line at any time when a signal to stop is being given by a Police Officer or by means of a traffic control light or by the display of any traffic sign.
(2) A line for the purpose of this regulation shall be not less than 50 millimetres in width at any part and may be either in white, black or yellow.

20. Towing

(1) No vehicle other than a mechanically disabled motor vehicle or incompletely assembled motor vehicle, a registered trailer or a side car, shall be drawn or towed by any motor vehicle, except for purposes of delivery and to the nearest filling station or garage.
(2) No motor vehicle shall be drawn or towed by any other motor vehicle unless there is in the driver's seat of the motor vehicle being drawn or towed a person holding a licence authorising him to drive the vehicle or unless the steering wheels of the motor vehicle being towed, are firmly and securely supported clear of the road surface by some crane or other device on the vehicle which is drawing or towing it.
(3) When a motor vehicle is being towed by another motor vehicle the clear distance between the rear of the front vehicle and the front of the rear vehicle shall at no time exceed five metres. The tow ropes, or chains shall be of a type easily distinguishable by other road users and there shall be clearly displayed on the rear of the vehicle being towed in black letters not less than seventy-five millimeters high and on a white background the words 'ONTOW'.
(4) No motor vehicle when towing another vehicles other than a trailer or sidecar shall be driven at a speed exceeding twenty-four kilometres per hour.

21. Use of horns and Silence Zones

A driver of a vehicle shall not...
(i) sound the horn needlessly or continuously or more than necessary to ensure safety:
(ii) sound the horn in silence zones;
(iii) make use of a cut-out by which exhaust gases are released other than through the silencer;
(iv) fit or use any multitoned horn giving an harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise;
(v) drive a vehicle creating undue noise when in motion;
(vi) drive a vehicle with a muffler causing alarming sound.

22. Traffic sign and Traffic Police

A driver of a motor vehicle and every other person using the road shall obey...
a) every direction given, whether by signal or otherwise, by a police officer or any authorised person for the time being in-charge of the regulation of traffic;
b) any direction applicable to him and indicated on or by notice, traffic sign or signal fixed or operated by an authority, competent to do so;
c) any direction indicated by automatic signalling devices fixed at road intersections.

23. Distance from vehicles in front

The driver of a motor vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop.

24. Abrupt brake

No driver of a vehicle shall apply brake abruptly unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons.

25. Vehicles going uphill to be given precedence

On mountain roads and steep roads, the driver of a motor vehicle traveling down hill shall give precedence to a vehicle going uphill wherever the road is not sufficiently wide to allow the vehicles to pass each other freely without danger, and stop the vehicle to the side of the road in order to allow any vehicle proceeding uphill to pass.

26. Obstruction of Driver

A driver of a motor vehicle shall, when passing or meeting a procession or a body of troops or police on the march or when passing workman engaged on road repair, drive at a speed not exceeding than 25 kilometres an hour.

27. Speed to be restricted

The driver of a motor vehicle shall, when passing or meeting a procession or a body of troops or police on the march or when passing workman engaged on road repair, drive at a speed not exceeding than 25 kilometers an hour.

28. Driving of tractors and goods vehicles 
A driver when driving a tractor shall not carry or allow any person to be carried on tractor. A driver of goods carriage shall not carry in the driver's cabin more number of persons than that is mentioned in the registration certificate and shall not carry passengers for hire or reward.

29. Projection of loads

No person shall drive in any public place any motor vehicle which is loaded in a manner likely to cause danger to any person in such a manner that the load or any part thereof or anything extends laterally beyond the side of the body or to the front or to rear or in height beyond the permissible limit.

30. Restriction to carriage of dangerous substances

Except for the fuel and lubricants necessary for the use of the vehicle, no explosive, highly inflammable or otherwise dangerous substance, shall be carried on any public service vehicle.

31. Restriction on driving back wards

No driver of a motor vehicle shall cause the vehicle to be driven backwards without first satisfying himself that he will not thereby cause danger or undue inconvenience to any person or in any circumstances, for any greater distance or period of time than may be reasonably necessary in order to turn the vehicle round.

32. Production of documents

A person driving a vehicle...
(i) shall always carry with him his driving licence; certificate of registration; certificate of taxation and certificate of insurance of the vehicle and in case of transport vehicle the permit and fitness certificate, also,
(ii) shall on demand by police officer in uniform or an officer of the Motor Vehicle Department in uniform or any other officer authorised by the Government, produce the documents for inspection. (Provided that where any or all of the documents are not in his possession, he shall produce in person an extract or extract of the documents duly attested by any police officer or by any other officer or send it to the officer who demanded the documents, by registered post, within 15 days of the demand).

33. Every driver must be conversant with the provisions of Sections
112, 113, 121, 122, 125, 132, 134, 185, 186, 194 and 207 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988

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